Alfi Surgery /English edition
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Dr. Tamer Rushdy ElalfyDr. Tamer Rushdy ElalfyConsultant General & Laparoscopic Surgeon

Common Anal Conditions · Version 2.0

Consolidated Reference List

Dr. Tamer Rushdy Elalfy · 8 min read

All sources cited in Version 2.0, listed alphabetically to match the name–year citations in the text. Regulatory and guideline documents without DOIs are cited by issuing body and date.

  1. Alonso-Coello P, Mills E, Heels-Ansdell D, López-Yarto M, Zhou Q, Johanson JF, Guyatt G. Fiber for the treatment of hemorrhoids complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(1):181–188. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00359.x
  2. Bachmann LH, Barbee LA, Chan P, et al. CDC clinical guidelines on the use of doxycycline postexposure prophylaxis for bacterial sexually transmitted infection prevention, United States, 2024. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2024;73(2):1–8. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr7302a1
  3. Bersoff-Matcha SJ, et al. Fournier gangrene associated with sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors: a review of spontaneous postmarketing cases. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170(11):764–769. doi:10.7326/M19-0085
  4. Bordeianou LG, Thorsen AJ, Keller DS, Hawkins AT, Messick C, Oliveira L, Feingold DL, Lightner AL, Paquette IM. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons clinical practice guidelines for the management of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2023;66(5):647–661. doi:10.1097/DCR.0000000000002776
  5. Bosarge PL, Como JJ, Fox N, et al. Management of penetrating extraperitoneal rectal injuries: an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma practice management guideline. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;80(3):546–551.
  6. Chang L, Chey WD, Imdad A, et al. American Gastroenterological Association–American College of Gastroenterology clinical practice guideline: pharmacological management of chronic idiopathic constipation. Gastroenterology. 2023;164(7):1086–1106. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2023.03.214
  7. Coburn WM, et al. Sucrose as an aid to manual reduction of incarcerated rectal prolapse. Ann Emerg Med. 1997;30(3):347–349.
  8. Darragh TM, Colgan TJ, Cox JT, et al. The Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology Standardization Project for HPV-associated lesions: background and consensus recommendations from the College of American Pathologists and the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2012;136(10):1266–1297.
  9. Davids JS, Hawkins AT, Bhama AR, Feinberg AE, Grieco MJ, Lightner AL, Feingold DL, Paquette IM; Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee of the ASCRS. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons clinical practice guidelines for the management of anal fissures. Dis Colon Rectum. 2023;66(2):190–199. doi:10.1097/DCR.0000000000002664
  10. Davidson KW, et al.; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for colorectal cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021;325(19):1965–1977. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.6238
  11. Feuerstein JD, Ho EY, Shmidt E, Singh H, Falck-Ytter Y, Sultan S, Terdiman JP; AGA Institute Clinical Guidelines Committee. AGA clinical practice guidelines on the medical management of moderate to severe luminal and perianal fistulizing Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2021;160(7):2496–2508. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2021.04.022
  12. Freifeld AG, Bow EJ, Sepkowitz KA, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(4):e56–e93. doi:10.1093/cid/cir073
  13. Gaertner WB, Burgess PL, Davids JS, Lightner AL, Shogan BD, Sun MY, Steele SR, Paquette IM, Feingold DL; Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee of the ASCRS. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons clinical practice guidelines for the management of anorectal abscess, fistula-in-ano, and rectovaginal fistula. Dis Colon Rectum. 2022;65(8):964–985. doi:10.1097/DCR.0000000000002473
  14. Hawkins AT, Davis BR, Bhama AR, Fang SH, Dawes AJ, Feingold DL, Lightner AL, Paquette IM; Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee of the ASCRS. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons clinical practice guidelines for the management of hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum. 2024;67(5):614–623. doi:10.1097/DCR.0000000000003276
  15. Johnson EK, Vogel JD, Cowan ML, Feingold DL, Steele SR; Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee of the ASCRS. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons’ clinical practice guidelines for the management of pilonidal disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 2019;62(2):146–157. doi:10.1097/DCR.0000000000001237
  16. Lasheen AE, Mahmoud R, Abd Elaziz O, Alkilany M, Alnaimy T, Rushdy T. Skin sparing fistulectomy with primary sphincters repair by special sutures for management of high perianal fistula. J Surg Surgical Res. 2016. doi:10.17352/2455-2968.000028
  17. Lightner AL, Vogel JD, Carmichael JC, Keller DS, Shah SA, Mahadevan U, Kane SV, Paquette IM, Steele SR, Feingold DL. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons clinical practice guidelines for the surgical management of Crohn’s disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 2020;63(8):1028–1052. doi:10.1097/DCR.0000000000001716
  18. Meites E, Szilagyi PG, Chesson HW, Unger ER, Romero JR, Markowitz LE. Human papillomavirus vaccination for adults: updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(32):698–702. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6832a3
  19. Myers JO, Rothenberger DA. Sugar in the reduction of incarcerated prolapsed bowel: report of two cases. Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;34(5):416–418. doi:10.1007/BF02053694
  20. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Constipation in children and young people: diagnosis and management. Clinical guideline CG99. London: NICE; 2010 (updated). nice.org.uk/guidance/cg99
  21. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Faecal calprotectin diagnostic tests for inflammatory diseases of the bowel. Diagnostics guidance DG11. London: NICE; 2013. nice.org.uk/guidance/dg11
  22. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Quantitative faecal immunochemical testing to guide colorectal cancer pathway referral in primary care. Diagnostics guidance DG56. London: NICE; 2023. nice.org.uk/guidance/dg56
  23. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected cancer: recognition and referral. NICE guideline NG12. London: NICE; 2015 (updated). nice.org.uk/guidance/ng12
  24. Newton K, Dumville J, Briggs M, et al.; PPAC2 Collaborators. Postoperative Packing of Perianal Abscess Cavities (PPAC2): randomized clinical trial. Br J Surg. 2022;109(10):951–957. doi:10.1093/bjs/znac225
  25. Oakland K, Chadwick G, East JE, et al. Diagnosis and management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: guidelines from the British Society of Gastroenterology. Gut. 2019;68(5):776–789. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317807
  26. Palefsky JM, Lee JY, Jay N, et al. Treatment of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions to prevent anal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(24):2273–2282. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2201048
  27. Parks AG, Gordon PH, Hardcastle JD. A classification of fistula-in-ano. Br J Surg. 1976;63(1):1–12. doi:10.1002/bjs.1800630102
  28. Qureshi W, Hoang S, Frye J, Rao SSC. AGA clinical practice update on diagnosis and treatment of hemorrhoids: expert review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2026 (published online 29 April 2026). doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2026.04.008
  29. Rao S, Guren MG, Khan K, et al.; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Anal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2021;32(9):1087–1100. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2021.06.015
  30. Rao SSC, Bharucha AE, Chiarioni G, et al. Anorectal disorders (Rome IV). Gastroenterology. 2016;150(6):1430–1442.e4. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.009
  31. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The management of third- and fourth-degree perineal tears. Green-top Guideline No. 29. London: RCOG; 2015.
  32. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. The physical signs of child sexual abuse: an evidence-based review and guidance for best practice. London: RCPCH; 2015.
  33. Rybak MJ, Le J, Lodise TP, et al. Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin for serious methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: a revised consensus guideline and review by ASHP, IDSA, PIDS, and SIDP. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2020;77(11):835–864. doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxaa036
  34. Sands BE, Anderson FH, Bernstein CN, et al. Infliximab maintenance therapy for fistulizing Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(9):876–885. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa030815
  35. Sartelli M, Guirao X, Hardcastle TC, et al. 2018 WSES/SIS-E consensus conference: recommendations for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2018;13:58. doi:10.1186/s13017-018-0219-9
  36. Snook J, Bhala N, Beales ILP, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia in adults. Gut. 2021;70(11):2030–2051. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325210
  37. Sobrado CW, Obregon CA, Sobrado LF, Bassi LM, Hora JAB, Sousa Júnior AHS, Nahas SC, Cecconello I. The novel BPRST classification for hemorrhoidal disease: a cohort study and an algorithm for treatment. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2021;61:97–100. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2020.12.019
  38. Sobrado Júnior CW, Obregon CA, Sousa Júnior AHS, Sobrado LF, Nahas SC, Cecconello I. A new classification for hemorrhoidal disease: the creation of the “BPRST” staging and its application in clinical practice. Ann Coloproctol. 2020;36(4):249–255. doi:10.3393/ac.2020.02.06
  39. Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(2):e10–e52. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu296
  40. Stewart DB, et al.; Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee of the ASCRS. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons clinical practice guidelines for anal squamous cell cancers (revised 2018). Dis Colon Rectum. 2018;61(7):755–774. doi:10.1097/DCR.0000000000001114
  41. Stier EA, Clarke MA, Deshmukh AA, et al. International Anal Neoplasia Society’s consensus guidelines for anal cancer screening. Int J Cancer. 2024;154(10):1694–1702. doi:10.1002/ijc.34850
  42. Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY, et al. Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014;58(2):258–274.
  43. Tanner MR, et al. Antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis after sexual, injection drug use, or other nonoccupational exposure to HIV — CDC recommendations, United States, 2025. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2025;74(1):1–56. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr7401a1
  44. Tarasconi A, Perrone G, Davies J, et al. Anorectal emergencies: WSES-AAST guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16(1):48. doi:10.1186/s13017-021-00384-x
  45. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA recommends avoiding use of NSAIDs in pregnancy at 20 weeks or later because they can result in low amniotic fluid. Drug Safety Communication, 15 October 2020.
  46. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA restricts use of prescription codeine pain and cough medicines and tramadol pain medicines in children; recommends against use in breastfeeding women. Drug Safety Communication, 20 April 2017.
  47. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA strengthens warning that untreated constipation caused by schizophrenia medicine clozapine (Clozaril) can lead to serious bowel problems. Drug Safety Communication, 28 January 2020.
  48. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA warns about rare occurrences of a serious infection of the genital area with SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes. Drug Safety Communication, 29 August 2018.
  49. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA warns of possible harm from exceeding recommended dose of over-the-counter sodium phosphate products to treat constipation. Drug Safety Communication, 8 January 2014.
  50. Wald A, Bharucha AE, Limketkai B, Malcolm A, Remes-Troche JM, Whitehead WE, Zutshi M. ACG clinical guidelines: management of benign anorectal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021;116(10):1987–2008. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001507
  51. Wong CH, Khin LW, Heng KS, Tan KC, Low CO. The LRINEC (Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis) score: a tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(7):1535–1541. doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000129486.35458.7d
  52. Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021;70(4):1–187. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1
  53. World Health Organization. Human papillomavirus vaccines: WHO position paper (2022 update). Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2022;97(50):645–672.